Oak is the Official U.S. National Tree

The mighty oak tree was  voted  the United States favorite tree in a National Arbor Day Foundation poll taken in 2001.  Nearly five years later, a  Congressional passage and a presidential signing of a historic bill made it the official  national tree of the United States in late 2004. Americas national tree is the mighty oak. The Congressional Passage of the Official National Tree Having oak as our national tree is in keeping with the wishes of the hundreds of thousands of people who helped choose this striking symbol of our nation’s great strength, said John Rosenow, the  president of The National Arbor Day Foundation. The oak was selected during a four-month-long open voting process hosted by the Arbor Day Foundation. From the first day of voting, oak was the people’s clear choice, finishing with more than 101,000 votes, compared to almost 81,000 for the magnificent runner-up, the redwood. Rounding out the top five were the dogwood, maple, and pine. The Voting Process People were invited to vote for one of 21 candidate trees, based on broad tree categories (general) that included the state trees of all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Each voter also had the option to write in any other tree selection they preferred. Advocates of the oak praised its diversity, with more than 60 species growing in the United States, making oaks America’s most widespread hardwood tree. There is an oak species that grows naturally in nearly every state in the continental U.S.   Why Oak Trees Are so Important Individual oaks have long played a part in many important American historical events, from Abraham Lincoln’s use of the Salt River Ford Oak as a marker in crossing a river near Homer, Illinois, to Andrew Jackson taking shelter under Louisiana’s Sunnybrook Oaks on his way to the Battle of New Orleans. In the annals of military history, Old Ironsides, the USS Constitution, took its nickname from the strength of its live oak hull, famous for repelling British cannonballs. Uses for oak tree wood are of major importance and in high demand as a commercially harvested tree species. Oak has an extremely dense wood and resists insects and fungal attacks because of its high tannic acid content. It saws even and true with beautiful grain desired for building the best furniture and cabinets along with the durability necessary for fine flooring. It is a perfect wood for long-lasting timbers for building, perfect planking for shipbuilding and the barrel staves used for storing and aging fine whiskey spirits.

Vaccine and Immunity Essay Example

Essays on Vaccine and Immunity Essay The paper "Vaccine and Immunity" is a worthy example of an essay on medical science. Immunity refers to the ability of the human body to tolerate the invasion of the pathogen and finally eliminate it from the body. Antibodies are the main basic unit that carries out the function of fighting and naturally eliminating the pathogen from the body. Antibodies detect the pathogens through foreign molecules on the pathogens’ surface. After this, antibodies attach to pathogens surface to execute actions against the pathogen. Antibodies act against pathogen invasion through various processes including the opsonization, neutralization, complement activation, and receptor-mediated cell activation (Long, Larry and Charles 617). Through these actions, the antibodies eliminate pathogens and neutralize pathogen toxins. The action is important in protecting the body from diseases that a person may have had before. Antibodies protect the body through passive or active immunity. The formation of vaccines involves the attenuation of pathogens. Vaccine formation may involve the use of the whole organism like influenza or part of the organism like tetanus bacteria (MacPherson and Jon 95). The introduction of these attenuated or killed pathogens causes antibodies to react against them. However, the production of the most effective immune system depends on live antigens. At this point, the weakened pathogens cannot cause any disease hence function only to cause activation of the immune system. They can trigger the immune system because they contain antigens that activate B and T cells (Chiras 46). Memory cells then store futures of the pathogen for future reference. If a live pathogen causing the disease invades in the future, the body reacts by fast mobilization specific antibodies against the pathogen through the help of memory cells. The elimination of the pathogen in real infection becomes fast after the previous encounter. The action of the immune system ens ures elimination of pathogens from the body without much replication. Through this mechanism, vaccines induce active immunity against pathogens such as measles and poliomyelitis viruses.

Does media violence effect society Essay Example For Students

Does media violence effect society Essay Media is undoubtedly the greatest medium of communication in our society, but how does medias portrayal of violence affect us as a whole? Is musics explicit lyrics and televisions raunchy and violent content the cause of our downfall, or is it merely an accurate depiction of todays society? Two young males were fatally shot with multiple gun wounds to the head and chest, how many times have we all heard these words on the evening news? Although the news is a media to educate us on the goings on in the world, much of America chooses not to view these daily programs due to the fact that most of it concentrates on violence. Though, violence is not only limited the local news which merely exposes us to what actually takes place, but what about the many violent television programs that frequent our airwaves. With the eruption of professional wrestling, our children now view beating each other up, breaking chairs, choke holding and the various other violent gimmicks used by these wrestlers as an exciting norm. Hasta La Vista Baby, the famous words of Arnold Schwarzenegger as he as he literally annihilates a mall full of shoppers. These are the types of gruesome acts that moviegoers pay millions of dollars a year to see. Do the R ratings attract us? Is it the gore that we view on the TV previews? Or, is it the mentality that society has cultivated towards violence? The more gruesome the movie, the more likely we are to run out to see it on opening night. Our society is such that we tend to put on a pedestal the actors and actresses that use profanity, expose themselves and are more violent on the silver screen. Ultimately sex and violence sells, and in this society the almighty dollar is of utmost importance. Parents cannot stop children from witnessing the harsh realities of society, violence, sex and crime. However, it is their role as parents to enforce a strong sense of morality. What a cruel world we live in when even the cartoons viewed by our youth are plagued with murder and violence. How can we fight the cruelties portrayed on TV and in the movies, when it has become a true part of our society? People are not born with the inept ability to know right from wrong. A wide variety of factors determine a persons moral. Religion, culture, environment and society all play important roles in how a person will develop. Though ultimately, it is the family and the parents in particular, that instills the moral fiber of an individual. However, in this society we have witnessed many incidents where although a person may have the proper upbringing, the negative effects of TV and media, has manifest itself into violence, criminal behavior and other unacceptable conduct. Although as stated previously, violent movies and TV shows produce high ratings, highly paid actors, and a forum for us to escape the so called realities of life, but what are the long term consequences? Can it be that after many years of producing and viewing violence, we are cultivating a society of criminal minded individuals? If we could compare the way that society was prior to television, would we be able to see a difference in social behavior? Can we then venture to say that although technology has been a positive attribute, to what extent has it affected society negatively? Nevertheless, television and media quenches our societies thirst for adventure and danger and allows us to witness firsthand the violence that is among us. But the question is how far is too far. Media is undoubtedly the greatest medium of communication in our society, but how does medias portrayal of violence affect us as a whole? Is musics explicit lyrics and televisions raunchy and violent content the cause of our downfall, or is it merely an accurate depiction of todays society? Two young males were fatally shot with multiple gun wounds to the head and chest, how many times have we all heard these words on the evening news? Although the news is a media to educate us on the goings on in the world, much of America .

Criminal Justice Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Criminal Justice Argumentative Essay Before the sixteenth century children were considered either property tobe traded or small adults, when by the age 5 or 6 were expected to assumethe roll of an adult. As the centuries moved forward the views of childrenchanged, children were seen not as miniature adults but as having adistinct personality, that they were easily corrupted and needed to becorrected to become morale and productive members of society. In the colonial era of America the family was the basic unit of economicproduction and the main outlet for social interaction also religion was amain staple that held a community together and is where families turned towhen they had trouble in the home. As the country grew so did the need for some type of institutions foryouth offenders. These places were called houses of refuge The youth inthese places were reformed into hard working productive members of society. The stay in one of these places were in determined time or until theyreached the age of 18 or 21 depending on their crime and the willingness ofthe youth to reform and become a responsible citizen. By the end of the 1800s different types institutions and mechanisms weredeveloped to respond to the difficult children. Still, the problemspresented by the children who were believed to be in need of so type ofcorrection were the homeless, the neglected, abused and wayward as well asthe ones with criminal behavior. A new group of reformers called the thechild savers, advocated a new institution to deal with these youthproblems. Thus began the juvenile courts. By the late 1800s the legal mechanism was in place for treating of youthdifferent from adults Examplesof this were that in some jurisdictions had set minimum age to which ajuvenile could be charged as an adult and placed in adult penitentiaries. The legal philosophy justifying states intervening in the lives ofchildren is the doctrine of parens patriae(the state as parent) was giventhe judicial endorsement in the case of Mary Ann Crouse who had beencommitted to the Philadelphia House of Refuge by her mother as a punishmentand against her fathers wishes,. the Commonwealth Supreme Court ofPennsylvania stated that it wasnt a punishment but a benevolence, no dueprocess claim could be made by the father, and that the father had nostanding anyway because the commonwealth had the legal responsibility tostep in as to were the parents were irresponsible in their obligations totheir children. An interesting question came up in the 1905 case of the Commonwealth vs. Fisher where the Pennsylvania supreme court ruled that parens patriaealways trumps due process in the juvenile justice. When the Commonwealthacts on parens patriae no due process protection is necessary. Notreatment plans are needed it is assumed that anything the Commonwealthdoes to a child in its custody is better than what the parents couldprovide. The Fisher case set the tone for juvenile justice up until the1960s. An activist United States Supreme Court in the 1960s significantlyaltered the juvenile justice system. That sets the tone for todayscourts. Three cases that are worth looking at are Kent vs. the US (1966)This is the first full scale examination of the juvenile justice systembrought on by the case of a 16 year old rapist who was transferred to adultcourt. The justices ruled that such waivers or transfers should beaccompanied by a special hearing, the assistance of counsel, access torecords by such counsel, and a written statement of reasons for suchtransfer. .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e , .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .postImageUrl , .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e , .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:hover , .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:visited , .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:active { border:0!important; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:active , .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Trail Of Tears Essay In re Gault (1967) A landmark case on the failure of the juvenilejustice system involving a 15 year old adjudicated delinquent on the wordof an Arizona sheriffs deputy sentenced to 6 years for an offense(telephone harassment) that carried a two month penalty if committed as anadult. The Justices ruled that the juveniles deserve the right againstself incrimination (Miranda Rights) adequate notice of charge, the rightconfront and cross examine accusers, assistance of counsel, and he rightsof sworn testimony and appeal. With this the juvenile courts became moreformal and adversarial. The Third case is McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971) a seminal case thatslowed down the granting of due process rights to juveniles by denying thema trial by jury. The Justices thought that the bench trials were adequateand that America wasnt yet ready to abandon the philosophy of juvenilejustice as a less than fully adversarial process. The fundamental difference of the adult court vs. the juvenile court arethat the juveniles are given a little more latitude when the judge isconsidering the sentence for the offender and the guidelines are differ inthe length of time and where the sentence is carried out. word 810